Why Does Chili Feel Hot? The Science of Spicy Food
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Why Does Chili Feel Hot?
The science of spicy food
Model script
Good afternoon, everyone. I grew up in Mexico City, where chili is part of almost every meal. But I never asked a simple question until recently: why does chili feel hot, even when the food is cold? Today, I'll explain the science.
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is part of almost every meal
Is used in nearly all meals.
until recently
Before a short time ago.
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01Why Does Chili Feel Hot?
Good afternoon, everyone. I grew up in Mexico City, where chili is part of almost every meal. But I never asked a simple question until recently: why does chili feel hot, even when the food is cold? Today, I'll explain the science.
Buenas tardes a todos. Crecí en la Ciudad de México, donde el chile forma parte de casi todas las comidas. Pero hasta hace poco nunca me había hecho una pregunta sencilla: ¿por qué el chile se siente caliente, incluso cuando la comida está fría? Hoy les voy a explicar la ciencia.
02The Key Ingredient: Capsaicin
The answer starts with a chemical called capsaicin. It's the substance in chili peppers that gives them their spicy "burn."
La respuesta empieza con una sustancia química llamada capsaicina. Es la sustancia de los chiles que les da su "ardor" picante.
03A Heat Sensor in Our Body
Our nerves have tiny sensors called receptors. One of them, called TRPV1, normally reacts to heat that is hot enough to hurt. When it's activated, it sends a signal to the brain that says, "Hot!"
Nuestros nervios tienen unos sensores diminutos llamados receptores. Uno de ellos, llamado TRPV1, normalmente reacciona a un calor lo bastante intenso como para doler. Cuando se activa, envía una señal al cerebro que dice: "¡Caliente!".
Source: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021, press release (NobelPrize.org)
04Capsaicin Tricks the Sensor
Here's the clever part. Capsaicin can switch on the same TRPV1 sensor, even without any real heat. So when you eat chili, your brain receives the same message as if your mouth were being burned.
Aquí viene lo ingenioso. La capsaicina puede activar ese mismo sensor TRPV1, incluso sin ningún calor real. Así que cuando comes chile, tu cerebro recibe el mismo mensaje que si te estuvieras quemando la boca.
Source: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021, press release (NobelPrize.org)
05A Nobel Prize Discovery
This sensor was discovered by the scientist David Julius, who used capsaicin to find it. In 2021, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering receptors for temperature and touch.
Este sensor lo descubrió el científico David Julius, que usó la capsaicina para encontrarlo. En 2021, compartió el Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina por descubrir los receptores de la temperatura y el tacto.
Source: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021, press release (NobelPrize.org)
06Why Water Doesn't Help Much
This also explains a common mistake. Many people drink water when food is too spicy, but capsaicin doesn't mix well with water, so the burning often continues. In my family, we eat a little rice or bread instead.
Esto también explica un error común. Mucha gente toma agua cuando la comida pica demasiado, pero la capsaicina no se mezcla bien con el agua, así que el ardor a menudo continúa. En mi familia, en cambio, comemos un poco de arroz o de pan.
Source: The Conversation, "Why doesn't water help with spicy food? What about milk or beer?" (2024)
07Why We Still Love It
So why do we eat something that tells our brain we're in pain? For many people, the burn is part of the fun. It adds excitement and flavor to food, and in many cultures, it's simply part of home.
Entonces, ¿por qué comemos algo que le dice a nuestro cerebro que sentimos dolor? Para mucha gente, el ardor es parte de la diversión. Le da emoción y sabor a la comida, y en muchas culturas, simplemente forma parte del hogar.
08Conclusion
To sum up, chili doesn't actually burn us. It tricks a heat sensor in our nerves. The next time you eat something spicy, you'll know exactly what's happening inside your mouth. Thank you.
En resumen, el chile en realidad no nos quema. Engaña a un sensor de calor de nuestros nervios. La próxima vez que coman algo picante, sabrán exactamente lo que está pasando dentro de su boca. Gracias.
Cover photo by JillWellington on Pixabay